When South Africa held its first democratic elections on the 27 th  April 1994 and Nelson Mandela was voted in as president, it signalled the end of Apartheid. It began in 1948 and involved a system of racial segregation and discrimination which gave all social, political and economic power to the white minority in the country. Post-WW2 the National party promised to ‘protect’ Afrikaner culture, expanding segregation laws which had been in place since European colonisation in

Introduction:   Mobutu Sese Seko’s Congo presents an interesting case of authoritarian control. Lasting over thirty years as an almost unopposed ruler, Mobutu deployed multiple aspects of the authoritarian toolkit, namely divide-and-rule, decentralisation of the military, and extensive patrimonialism. However, there is a disconnect between the failure of Mobutu’s policies and the length of his regime’s survival. How did he manage to maintain control of the state even as all h

This paper will review the unlawful decolonisation process concerning the 2019 ICJ Judgement on the Legal Consequence of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965. The case study observes that the 1965 agreement did not comply with the territorial integrity of the Chagos Archipelago....

The United Nations Peacekeeping missions are essential for helping countries ‘navigate the path from conflict to peace’

This essay examines how decolonization in the twentieth century reshaped the global order and the international system.